wrapping around the axes of a univariate circular measure results in a polar plot. for a bivariate measure, this results in a torus 🍩. here, a waveform shape donut shows a fixed phase offset of a harmonic beta-component to a base alpha-oscillation. pic.twitter.com/ZvYauTFG06
— Natalie Schaworonkow (@nschawor) July 9, 2020
ok, imagine you have an oscillation that is not symmetric around 0 (small direct current shift) with some amplitude modulation, for instance with 1/f-dynamics. ➡️ then these 1/f-dynamics will show up in low frequency part of spectrum (red); in addition to around oscillation peak (yellow).
— Natalie Schaworonkow (@nschawor.bsky.social) October 16, 2025 at 3:58 PM
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3D printed brain, some LEDs inside, hand for scale.
